ETHNOGRAPHY

Riska Sutriyati

Sebelas Maret University of Surakarta

2011

I.             DEFINITION

What is Ethnography? Ethnography is derived from the word “Ethno” means society or nation, and “Graph” means description or presentation. According to Hammersley and Athikon (1983: 2 in Jensen and Jankowski, 1991: 153), Ethnography is:

“Simply one social research method, albeit an unusual one, drawing on a wide range of sources information. The ethnographer participates in people’s lives for an extended period of time, watching what happens; listening to what is said, asking questions, collecting whatever data are available to throw light on issues with which he or she concerned.”

So we know that Ethnography is a method to do qualitative research by searching, describing the culture of a society in depth and over a great deal of time, even often months or years to get the professionalism of the result. Although the culture here is wide in meaning, but generally Ethnography is centered to the patterns of activities, language, beliefs and the way of life. The main point of ethnography is an effort to shows the meaning of action from the event that happen to the people in a community that we want to understand about.

DIMENSI MORAL DALAM KEGIATAN KEILMUAN

Riska Sutriyati dan Riskiana

Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta 2011

Abstract

The development of science and technology has given great impact on human life. It is true that the development of science and technology has resulted in the rapid progress in agriculture, medicine and health care, telecommunication, transportation, and others; however, it also has given negative effects like pollution, global warming, and even the destruction of the whole population just in one night by the nuclear bomb. These problems can only be simply and directly solved through moral awareness. This paper will attempt to see the scientific activity from the moral point of view. There are four major items discussed in this paper: (1) the definition of value, (2) the kinds of value, (3) the relationship between science and religion, and (4) the principles of science utilization. Those items presented in this paper will hopefully end up with the moral awareness in the scientific activity.

CULTURE SHOCK

1. Definition of Culture shock

The term of Culture Shock firstly comes from Oberg who emphasizes to the communication. Oberg states that Culture Shock is an anxiousness appearing because of the lost of sign and symbol of familiar social relation. Definition of culture shock develops and emphasizes to psychological explanation. Adler defines culture shock as a set of emotional reaction to the loss of the first culture owned by the individual and replaced with the new stimulus culture, so it causes misunderstanding, feeling of over a barrel, high temperamental, and the anxiety of deceit, hurt, or not cared. According to Gudykunst dan Kim (2003), culture shock is reactions of situation where the individual get shock and pressure caused by the different environment, so it affects disturbance of self concept, cultural identity, and appear temporary anxiousness with no reasons.

INTEGRATING CULTURE IN IMPLEMENTATION OF TEACHING-LEARNING CONTEXT

RISKA SUTRIYATI

A student of English Education Department of Graduate School of

Sebelas Maret University of Surakarta 2011

A.      Background

Language is a social phenomenon. It is a means of communication and interaction among individuals. Wardhaugh (2006:1) said that a language is what the members of a particular society speak. All languages are equally complex and each language is part of the culture that produces it and adequate for the needs of people who use it. It can be inspected by internal or external factors.

In internal factor, we can analyze the structure of the language like phonology, morphology, or even syntax; and cannot analyze the outside structure of language. In external factor, we can analyze the outside factors of language, related to the activities of human in a community or society. In analysing it, we cannot only use the theory of linguistics but also use the other studies like sociology, psychology, anthropology, and neurology so the unity of various knowledge can be known such as, sociolinguistics which is a combination from sociology and linguistics; psycholinguistics is from psychology and linguistics; anthropolinguistics is unity of anthropology and linguistics; and also neurolinguistics is from neurology and linguistics. It means that linguistics cannot stand alone in implementing at society; it needs other studies which can be more flexible in use and be suitable in daily context. In a study of linguistics, all analysis of internal factor can be called as microlinguistics and which of external factor is macrolinguistics.